JivaJet
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Technology

Plasma propulsion technology for the lowest orbital frontier.

Ultra-VLEO and VLEO are the next orbital frontier — and propulsion is what enables access. JivaJet develops two plasma propulsion platforms for small satellites: HyABPT for Ultra-VLEO access and JJ Drive for LEO and VLEO mobility.

The challenge

Operating where atmospheric drag is strongest.

Satellites can’t survive long in the residual atmosphere at these altitudes — drag pulls them out of orbit within days. But what becomes possible if they can dwell there instead? The lowest orbits offer strategic and commercial advantages precisely because almost nothing else can operate there: higher atmospheric density, higher drag, and higher thrust-to-power demand rapidly degrade conventional missions.

Persistence in VLEO needs a propulsion-first approach — every other part of the mission stack depends on propulsion holding the orbit. JivaJet’s architectures are engineered to close that gap: air-breathing thrust that collects and ionizes atmospheric particles without stored propellant, and compact metal-propellant electric propulsion for sustained mobility.

Why VLEO

Fly lower. See better. Connect better. Stay cleaner.

Propulsion is the enabler. Once a satellite can dwell in VLEO, direct-to-device connectivity, earth observation, IR, and SAR all get sharper, and the security picture gets stronger — without changing the optics or radio it carries. Dwelling lower shifts the entire satellite ecosystem to look lower; that shift is inevitable, and JivaJet is solving the hardest propulsion problems to make it an operational reality.

01

Sharper sensing

Shorter nadir range delivers a finer ground sample distance for EO/IR/SAR imaging with the same optics and aperture.

02

Lower-latency comms

Shorter path length cuts free-space path loss and round-trip propagation delay for direct-to-device, IoT, and LPWAN connectivity.

03

Regional persistence, naturally cleaner

Lower altitude improves revisit and coverage while atmospheric drag naturally deorbits spacecraft at end of life.

6.25×shorter nadir range vs. 500 km LEO — finer ground resolution with the same optics
84%smaller aperture for the same ground resolution
16 dBlower free-space path loss
2.8 mslower round-trip propagation delay
<15 cmachievable imaging resolution

Technology platforms

Two propulsion platforms. Three orbital regimes.

One plasma foundation, engineered for the distinct demands of LEO mobility, VLEO persistence, and Ultra-VLEO access.

01

Air-breathing plasma propulsion

Adaptive HyABPT

The Adaptive Hypersonic Air-Breathing Plasma Thruster is a compressor-less system designed to collect and ionize atmospheric particles for sustained, propellant-less operation in the Ultra-VLEO and near-space regime — unlocking access to orbits no flight-qualified propulsion can hold today.

Regime
Ultra-VLEO access (80–200 km)
Propellant
Residual atmosphere (propellant-less)
Design
Compressor-less, no moving parts
Readiness
TRL 3 today — advancing through the EMARKSAT flight demonstrations
02

Metal-propellant electric propulsion

JJ Drive

JJ Drive is a compact metal-propellant electric propulsion system for LEO and lower-LEO mobility — station-keeping, phasing, collision avoidance, de-tumbling, and disposal support — engineered to outperform FEEP, iodine, and low-power Hall thrusters on integrated system simplicity and product-fit economics.

Regime
LEO / VLEO mobility (200+ km)
Propellant
Metal propellant, no high-pressure tankage
Tasks
Maneuver, station-keep, de-tumble, dispose
Readiness
TRL 9 subsystem heritage — TRL 6 as an integrated system

Readiness

Core VLEO propulsion physics, demonstrated.

Drag-compensation physics
Demonstrated — >1.6 N thrust and >5 N/kW measured at high-flow laboratory test points.
Integrated propulsion system
Demonstrated — direct ingestion, circular-arc ionization, pulsed acceleration, and self-neutralized exhaust validated end to end.
Adaptive operation
Demonstrated — control software adjusts pulse rate, power, and thrust response as atmospheric density changes.
Inlet capture efficiency
In progress — hypersonic wind-tunnel testing underway to increase capture efficiency and net-thrust margin.

HyABPT’s ~200 W operating power is spacecraft-manageable — a fraction of what a Hall-effect thruster needs to produce equivalent drag-compensating thrust in VLEO.

JJ Drive architecture

A distributed thruster array, not a single engine.

JJ Drive combines propulsion, electric RCS, and control authority into one distributed, modular system — purpose-built for persistent VLEO operations at 200 km and above.

01

Selective firing

Distributed thrusters control thrust vector and torque simultaneously — addressing drag and disturbance torque together.

02

Compact, modular packaging

CubeSat / SmallSat-ready; solid metal propellant removes pressurized tanks and gas-feed hardware.

03

Distributed control & resilience

Software-defined magnitude, direction, and torque with no mechanical gimbals; channel-level redundancy enables graceful degradation after a unit failure.

Benchmark

Higher thrust-to-power than comparable micropropulsion.

vs. benchmark metal-propulsion micropropulsion
Up to ~30× higher thrust-to-power
vs. FEEP / electrospray comparators
~55% higher thrust-to-power than the industry average
vs. heritage Hall-effect & single-stage arc systems
Multi-axis, tankless control without a centralized, tank-dominated architecture

How it compares

One newton of drag compensation, at a fraction of the cost.

What each propulsion class needs to hold 1 N against drag in VLEO for one hour — HyABPT collects its propellant from the atmosphere instead of carrying it.

Per 1 N · 1 hr in VLEO HyABPT Cold gas Hall thruster
Thrust-to-power (N/kW)5–10Non-electric~0.08
Specific impulse (s)350 · unlimited propellant~100~1500
Propellant carriedNone — air-breathing3.6 kg stored0.3 kg stored / fed
CompressorNo — hypersonic inletNo — tanks occupy spaceNo — Xenon tank-fed
System mass efficiencyHigh — no propellant massLow — tank-dominatedMedium — tank + propellant

On power, the gap is just as wide: HyABPT draws ~200 W to produce drag-compensating thrust where a Hall-effect thruster would need ~12,500 W.

Orbital regimes

Lowest orbits, highest control.

Each regime asks a different question of a propulsion system. JivaJet builds for all three.

LEO

Mobility

Station-keeping, phasing, collision avoidance, repositioning, and disposal support with JJ Drive.

VLEO

Persistence

Sustained control against drag for lower-altitude mission life and revisit advantage.

Ultra-VLEO

Access

Operating in the lowest, highest-drag regimes where conventional architectures cannot hold orbit — enabled by HyABPT.

The vision

A persistent VLEO service layer.

Ultra-VLEO and VLEO are the next orbital frontier — propulsion is what opens access, and everything from imaging and direct-to-device connectivity to security missions gets better once satellites can stay there. That shift is inevitable, forcing every service that depends on satellites to look lower. JivaJet is solving the hardest propulsion problems to make a persistent VLEO service layer an operational reality.

Rapid ISR reconstitution Golden Dome / PWSA augmentation Brilliant Pebbles Atmo-Sprint maneuvering EO / RF / IR custody Missile defense Remote sensing · SAR + optical High-resolution imaging Detection & tracking Connectivity & AI IoT & LP-WAN Space resilience Debris mitigation

Mission roadmap

From thruster demonstrations to operational satellites.

JivaJet's flight program validates propulsion technology in stages — from single-thruster demonstration missions to a multi-satellite platform for sustained VLEO operations.

Q2 2027

GWSAT-JIVAJET Mission

Demonstration of the EMATRIX thruster.

Q4 2027

JJDRIVE Mission

Array-based vacuum arc MPD thruster demonstration.

Q2 2028

EMARKSAT I

Launch of JivaJet’s first satellite model, EMARKSAT I — the first-ever Air Breathing Plasma Propulsion (ABEP) VLEO mission.

Q3 2029

EMARKSAT II

Launch of JivaJet’s second satellite model, EMARKSAT II — JivaJet’s first multi-year, multi-satellite VLEO commercial mission.

Research

Built on a growing body of propulsion work.

JivaJet’s research spans ionization, self-neutralization, electron sources, feeding mechanisms, and high-thrust-to-power air-breathing electric propulsion.

Explore our research